Appendices

Appendix D. Going Further

Tools for checking

The most important thing you take from this manual is the habit of checking. These tools are free, and they are good for exactly that.

• Online Etymology Dictionary, at etymonline.com. It explains where each English word comes from, almost always with its relatives in other languages.
• Wiktionary (en.wiktionary.org). A collaborative dictionary with etymologies, pronunciations and audio in a huge number of languages. Because it is collaborative, it's worth checking it against another source.
• Diccionario de la lengua española, from the Royal Spanish Academy and the Association of Academies of the Spanish Language. Online at dle.rae.es. For Spanish words: at the start of each entry it says where the word comes from.
• IE-CoR (iecor.clld.org). The expert database behind the percentages in chapter 7. It's technical, but you can look up a concept and see how it is said in more than 150 Indo-European languages, and which forms are co-derivatives of each other.

If you want to read more

• Alejandro Toledo Martínez, Teoría de la Endolingüística: Fundamentos y Aplicaciones. Editorial ELADEM, 2025. The full account of the discipline, for when this manual feels too short. In Spanish.
• Alejandro Toledo Martínez, El lenguaje antes de las palabras (Language Before Words). On the shared unconscious and what language organizes before we think it.
• Alejandro Toledo Martínez, Psychophonology: The Musical Architecture of Embodied Thought. The whole of psychophonology: vowels, rhythm, endorhythm, the threshold.
• Alejandro Toledo Martínez, Metafísica cuálica (Qualic Metaphysics). For the philosophical side of chapter 13.

To learn more

If this manual left you wanting more, there are two places you can go:

• www.endolinguistics.science — the home of endolinguistics: the discipline, its texts and its research.
• www.independentbooks.site — where you can get the books of the series: Teoría de la Endolingüística, El lenguaje antes de las palabras, Psychophonology, Metafísica cuálica and others.

A suggestion for the group

If you're reading this in a class, with a group, here is an exercise that works very well. Each person picks a word from home: one their grandmother uses, one from their town, one that only their family says. They take its skeleton and its code. Then, all together, you look up its history in an etymological dictionary. Some will come from Latin, others from French, from Old English, from Arabic, from Spanish, from Nahuatl or another Indigenous language, others from who knows where. At the end, put on the board the map of where the group's words come from. It is a map of you.